Parish of Tuchowicz, łukowski county.
Town or village — what the card index says
FIVE TESTIMONIES, THREE DIFFERENT ANSWERS — I do not smooth this away. (1) In Długosz (Liber beneficiorum II 558) Tuchowicz is a town (oppidum) with a wooden church of St Mary Magdalene — the same dedication as in the card index three hundred years later. (2) The card index calls it a small town in three independent extracts from the years of these tariffs: O83 „a parish small town”, T90 „the grange small town of Tuchowicz”, T₀89 „twn”. (3) The Słownik geograficzny (vol. XII, p. 600) still quotes the 1531 tax register as „Oppidum Tuchowicz”, but holds that, as Siedlce and Łuków grew, „the small town turned into a modest village” as early as the 17th century. (4) pl.wikipedia: chartered as a town in 1430, degraded in 1821. (5) zastawie.pl: the town rights were lost „probably towards the end of the 18th century”, while the next sentence on that page speaks of the beginning of the 18th century, which contradicts the previous one — most likely a slip for the 19th. (6) Perthées’s engraving of 1786 does not mark Tuchowicz with the symbol for a small town. THERE IS NO RESOLUTION and I do not invent one: in the years 1775–1794 the card index writes „a small town”, while part of the literature holds that it was already a village by then. The only certain thing is that here the town charter and the town life parted company in time.
Offices: Markowski Józef (standard-bearer of Mielnik (chorąży mielnicki) · standard-bearer of the Mielnik Land (chorąży ziemi mielnickiej))
Propination, inns, breweries: Markowski Józef (brewery, inn, propination)
More than five hearths in one hand: Markowski Józef (57); Markowski (40)
spellings on the cards: Tuchowicz, m. Tuchowicz, Tuchowi[cz]
district of łukowski · parish of Tuchowicz · cards 1), 2), 3)
a parish town and the centre of the Tuchowicz estate complex (klucz), the inheritance of Michał Krasiński, chamberlain of Różan (podkomorzy różański), in the archdeaconry of Lublin, the deanery T̄uhowski [that is, of Tuchowicz]; the parish church set with its front to the south-west, and in it 3 altars: the high altar of St Mary Magdalene — titulus ecclesiae, the right side altar Nominis Jesu and the left of St Michael; the pulpit, the pews and the baptistery in good order; a mill; a manor house [O83 (IX)]. A wooden parish church under the invocation of St Mary Magdalene, erected in 1548; beside it 4 paupers [V48, T48]. In the town itself 2 Jewish houses and 4 craftsmen's houses, a brewery, an inn, a parsonage and a vicarage, an organist; to the estate complex belong distilleries; the propination rests with the hereditary owner [T89, T90, T₀89].
| Year | Source | Entries | Hearths |
|---|
| T75 | Hearth tax register 1775 | 1 | 258 |
| T89 | Hearth tax register 1789 | 2 | 62 |
| T90 | Hearth tax register 1790 | 3 | 49 |
| T94 | Hearth tax register 1794 | 2 | 45 |
These years count more here than the locality itself: 1775 — the whole Tuchowicz estate — villages in the parishes of Tuchowicz, Wojcieszków, Stanin and Łuków. Such a figure must not be set beside the other years as two measurements of the same locality — these are different units of account, not a loss of hearths.
Caveats on the years' registers (3)
What the compiler noted beside the entry itself, and what the table above does not show:
- T89 — The card itself sums up both lines: „razem 62 d.” (57 + 5), the figure doubly underlined.
- T90 — The card does not write the total 40 + 5 + 4 = 49 in the run of the line — the figure „49 dymów” is added in pencil above the T₀89 line, on the right, and underlined; the reckoning closes exactly, down to a single hearth.
- T94 — T94 gives no total of its own: it ends with two underlined figures (40 and 5) and a semicolon. The lower edge of the card comes straight after the line „5 dymów;”, so it cannot be decided whether a summing-up was meant to stand below.
The card-index entries
Every extract for this locality in the wording of the cards, year by year. One block is one occurrence: this person, in this year. At a collective item the same card text stands beside every person named — because the card names them together and they must not be separated. The hearths given at a collective item are an equal division among those named, not a reading.
1789 T89Hearth tax register 1789
MarkowskiJózef†standard-bearer of the Mielnik Land (chorąży ziemi mielnickiej)standard-bearer of Mielnik (chorąży mielnicki)
T8957 hearths1 manor house, 1 brewery, 1 inn, 2 Jewish houses, 3 cottages with 2 householders, 43 cottages with 1 householder, 2 cottages without a garden, 4 craftsmen's housesT89. — z przyległościami Celiny, Jannik, Jelenice, Wólka Zastawska — Józefa Markowskiego chorąż. ziemi mieln. — a) miasteczko: dwór, brow., karcz., 2 d. żyd., 3 chat. o 2 gosp., 43 ch. o 1 gosp., 2 chat. [bez] ogr., 4 d. rzemieśl. = 57 d.card 2)
The card's own arithmetic closes: 1 manor house + 1 brewery + 1 inn + 2 Jewish houses + 3 cottages with 2 householders + 43 cottages with 1 householder + 2 cottages without a garden + 4 craftsmen's houses = 57 hearths. Beside „dwór”, „brow.” and „karcz.” the card sets no figures — the ones follow from the total. Uncertain readings: (1) beside „2 chat. … ogr.” the word between „chat.” and „ogr.” is written in above the line and struck through with a thick horizontal stroke; it can be read as „bez”, and so runs the corresponding phrase on the card of Celiny tuchowickie („1 chat. bez ogr.”), but the writing itself is struck out, and so I give it in square brackets; (2) the figures beside „o … gosp.” in the second line are heavily corrected over an existing trace — I read „o 1 gosp.”, although the shape does not decide between 1 and 2; this has no effect on the total, because the hearths are counted from the cottages, not from the householders. The name of the appurtenance „Jannik” [reading uncertain] — cards 1 and 3 write the same place „Jonnik” („cz. Jonnika”, „połowa Jonnika”); the sheet of headings proposed „Jamnik(?)”, which the shape of the letters confirms on none of the three cards. „Jelenice” is the same appurtenance as „Jeleniec” on cards 1 and 3.
1789 T₀89List of possessors of holdings of 1789
MarkowskiJózef†standard-bearer of the Mielnik Land (chorąży ziemi mielnickiej)standard-bearer of Mielnik (chorąży mielnicki)
T₀89hereditary ownerhereditary ownerpropination (the right to sell drink)T₀89 – m[ia]sto par. – dziedz. Markowskiego, chor. mielnickiego; propinacja; pleb.; wikaryjusz; organista;card 1)
The card gives no forename for the hereditary owner — the surname and the office alone; from T89 and T90 it is known that Józef Markowski is meant, but I do not merge the years. The wording is identical in build with the T₀89 at Celiny tuchowickie (card 2) and Jeleniec (card 2). The designation of the little town is written in an abbreviation which the copyist corrected: beneath the superscribed „m-sto” an older, blotted writing of the same word is visible — I read „m[ia]sto par[afialne]” [reading uncertain]. After „propinacja” the card lists three further entries of the 1789 extract — the parsonage, the vicarage and the organist's house — without hearths and without surnames; the semicolon at the end of the line and the breaking off of the writing at the very bottom require us to reckon with a continuation of the list which is not in the card index.
1790 T90Hearth tax register 1790
[no surname]„chorążyny”
T9040 · share of 20possessorT90 – a) dobra Tuchowicz z przyległościami (t. zw. Tuchowicz; Annonin, Celiny, Jeleniec, cz. Jonnika i Wólki Zastawskiej) – dobra dziedz. sukces. Józefa Markowskiego chorążego ziemi mielnickiej, kawalera orderu św. Stan., w poses. chorążyny – folwark miasteczko Tuchowicz – dymy wiejskie 2giej klasy – 40;card 1)
the same entry also names: Markowski Józef †2 persons on 40 hearths
Here stands the full list of the appurtenances of the estate complex: Tuchowicz itself, Annonin, Celiny, Jeleniec and the holdings in Jonnik and Wólka Zastawska. The name „cz. Jonnika” [reading uncertain] — in the manuscript a clear „Jonnika” (a closed „o”, then the two arcs of „nn”), just as in T94 on card 3) („połowa Jo-nnika”), whereas T89 on card 2) writes „Jannik”; the sheet of headings proposed „Jamnik(?)”, which the shape of the letters does not confirm. „kawalera orderu św. Stan.” I expand as kawalera Orderu Świętego Stanisława, knight of the Order of Saint Stanislaus. A discrepancy to be recorded: T90 (1790) calls Józef Markowski already dead („dobra dziedz. sukces. Józefa Markowskiego”), and the estate is in the possession of the chorążyna, the standard-bearer's wife, while T89 (1789) for the same village (card 2) and on the cards of the appurtenances (Celiny, Jeleniec, Wólka Zastawska) names him as a living hereditary owner; only T94 (1794) speaks there of „sukcesorach Markowskiego”. The card index does not explain this.
A woman. The card gives neither forename nor surname — it names her solely by her husband's dignity („w poses. chorążyny”), that is the wife of the standard-bearer of the Mielnik Land (chorążyna ziemi mielnickiej), the widow of Józef Markowski. I record the form literally and do not expand it.
MarkowskiJózef†standard-bearer of the Mielnik Land (chorąży ziemi mielnickiej)standard-bearer of Mielnik (chorąży mielnicki)
T9040 · share of 20successors† deceasedT90 – a) dobra Tuchowicz z przyległościami (t. zw. Tuchowicz; Annonin, Celiny, Jeleniec, cz. Jonnika i Wólki Zastawskiej) – dobra dziedz. sukces. Józefa Markowskiego chorążego ziemi mielnickiej, kawalera orderu św. Stan., w poses. chorążyny – folwark miasteczko Tuchowicz – dymy wiejskie 2giej klasy – 40;card 1)
the same entry also names: [no surname]2 persons on 40 hearths
Here stands the full list of the appurtenances of the estate complex: Tuchowicz itself, Annonin, Celiny, Jeleniec and the holdings in Jonnik and Wólka Zastawska. The name „cz. Jonnika” [reading uncertain] — in the manuscript a clear „Jonnika” (a closed „o”, then the two arcs of „nn”), just as in T94 on card 3) („połowa Jo-nnika”), whereas T89 on card 2) writes „Jannik”; the sheet of headings proposed „Jamnik(?)”, which the shape of the letters does not confirm. „kawalera orderu św. Stan.” I expand as kawalera Orderu Świętego Stanisława, knight of the Order of Saint Stanislaus. A discrepancy to be recorded: T90 (1790) calls Józef Markowski already dead („dobra dziedz. sukces. Józefa Markowskiego”), and the estate is in the possession of the chorążyna, the standard-bearer's wife, while T89 (1789) for the same village (card 2) and on the cards of the appurtenances (Celiny, Jeleniec, Wólka Zastawska) names him as a living hereditary owner; only T94 (1794) speaks there of „sukcesorach Markowskiego”. The card index does not explain this.
1794 T94Hearth tax register 1794
Markowski†
T9440 hearthssuccessors† deceasedT94 – Dobra Tuchowicz z przyległościami sukcesorów Markowskiego, do których należą: folwark Tuchowicz, wieś Annonin, gorzelnie do Tuchowicza należące, folw. Celiny, folw. Jeleniec, połowa Jonnika, część na Wólce Zastawskiej; folwark Tuchowicz – dymów 40;card 3)
The card gives no forename; from T89, T90 and T₀89 it is known that Józef Markowski, standard-bearer of the Mielnik Land, is meant, but the wording of T94 itself stops at the surname, and so I do not supply the forename. The figure 40 is underlined. This entry covers the grange and little town of Tuchowicz itself; the remaining appurtenances listed in the heading have cards and hearths of their own (Annonin 18, Celiny 18, Jeleniec 28, Wólka Zastawska 2), and so do not enter the totals of this village. „połowa Jonnika” [reading uncertain] — the name is broken between the lines („Jo-” / „nnika”), and agrees with the wording of T90 on card 1).
